Not surprisingly the demand for indium has risen dramatically, and lower-cost alternatives, such as carbon nanotubes and conducting polymers, are being studied. XPS control and dosing studies were performed using a VG Scientific Mk II ESCALab with a magnesium X-ray source and hemispherical electron analyzer set at 20 eV pass energy. The low temperature peak (100° to 200☌) corresponds to physisorbed CO 2. Later, tin-doped indium oxide, transparent and colorless in thin films, became a main component in liquid crystal, flat panel and plasma displays. Rationally designed indium oxide catalysts for CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol with high activity and selectivity. One of the first major applications for indium was as a coating for bearings on high-performance aircraft during World War II. The Wagner plot shows the binding energy of the XPS In 3d 5/2 peak on the X-axis. Work in collaboration with Peter Eschbach from Washington State University. The Wagner plot for In, In 2 O 3, In (OH) 3 and In (OH) 3 nH 2 O is shown. XPS spectra P type absorber exposed to KCN prior to deposition of an N type partner. This very soft, silvery-white metal has a bright luster and emits a high-pitched “cry” when bent. Metallic indium can be differentiated from the indium oxide and hydroxide phases, but the oxide and hydroxide chemical states cant be differentiated using the XPS BE chemical shift alone. To quantify such information, high resolution spectra of those XPS peaks are required to analyze and deconvolute the data. The In 3d 5/2 and In 3d 3/2 peaks were positioned at approximately 445 eV and 453 eV and had asymmetric shapes. The In 3d spectrum showed the presence of a doublet peak. Most elements were discovered while scientists searched for other materials, and indium is no exception. The In 3d and O1s XPS spectra of 40 Pt/ITO before and after being used in a PEMFC are shown in Figures 2 and 3.